PR Webmatrix: Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

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Sample Paper 1

Section A

Question 1

Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given option.

i. Three laws of Robotics are created by

(a) Stephen Hawking

(b) Victor Scheinman

(d) Isaac Asimov

ii. The characteristics of a robot do not include(s):

(a) Robots cannot move

(b) It can be designed to perform disastrous tasks

(d) Robots are always controlled by humans

iii. Actuators can be considered as:

(a) Human Head

(b) Human muscles

(d) None of these

iv. Which of the following is/are robotic component(s)?

(a) Sensor

(b) Controller

(d) All of these

v. How many Degrees of Freedom (DoF) does a robot arm with a single revolute joint has?

(a) One

(b) Two

(d) Four

vi. Which of the following describes a robot's movements in two dimensions?

(a) Extending a robotic arm

(b) Rotation around a fixed axis

(d) Moving in a circle

vii. The structure of neural networks was inspired by:

(a) Human brain structure

(b) Computer programming

(d) Statistical analysis and data modelling

viii. Which of the following can be performed in AI in an email system?

(a) Filter incoming mails

(b) Prioritise emails

(d) All of these

ix. Information can be defined as:

(a) Raw Facts

(b) Abrupt sentences

(c) Processed data

(d) Collection of dates only

x. Which platform(s) use(s) recommendation systems?

(a) YouTube

(b) Netflix

(d) All of these

xi. Which of the following is not a characteristic of deterministic computing?

(a) Non adaptable

(b) Randomness

(d) Discrete Data

xii. To adapt the changes, AI model requires ...........................

(a) History Data

(b) New Updated Data

(d) Discrete Data

xiii. Which of these is the first stage of the AI project framework?

(a) Data Collection

(b) Problem definition and scope

(d) Modelling

xiv. Which of the following is not an expert system?

(a) DENDRAL

(b) MYCIN

(d) Image classification system

xv. Which of these is the primary purpose of data in AI?

(a) To train AI models

(b) To generate revenue

(c) To develop algorithms

(d) None of these

xvi. The suitable computing technique for a problem of classifying temperature as hot or cold is:

(a) Binary Logic

(b) AI Computing

(d) Probabilistic computing

xvii. Which of the following is true for lists in Python?

(a) Lists are mutable

(b) Lists are immutable

(d) None of these

xviii. What will be the output of the following statement?

print(a) if a>b else print (b)

(a) It will give an error

(b) It will print the larger number

(d) None of these

xix. The function of 'else' in 'if-else' statement is:

(a) To execute the block of statement when the condition is True

(b) To execute the block of statement when the condition is False

(d) None of these

xx. In Python, which keyword is used to terminate a loop immediately?

(a) exit

(b) return

(c) break

(d) continue

Question 2

i. What do you understand by Collaborative robots? Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: Collaborative robots are also called cobots and they are designed to work alongside humans and assist them in tasks that require both human skills and machine precision. These are smaller and lighter than traditional industrial robots and they are equipped with sensors to detect and avoid obstacles.

For example, the first collaborative robot, the Universal Robot, was developed in 2008 by Universal Robots. It was a six-jointed articulated robot arm that revolutionized the market for industrial robots.

ii. What are the main components of a robot?

Ans: There are six important components of a robot which are as follows:

a) Sensors
b) Actuators
c) Controllers
d) Power Systems
e) Communication Systems
f) Manipulators

iii. Explain end-effectors with the help of an example.

Ans: Robot end effector is a device attached to the wrist of a manipulator for the purpose of holding materials, parts, tools to perform a specific task.

Examples:

a) Grippers
b) Tools
c) End of arm tooling
d) Welding Equipment

iv. Explain the difference between Angular motion and linear motion of a robotic arm.

Ans:

Angular Motion

Linear Motion

Angular motion refers to the rotating movement of an object or a component of a system around a fixed point or axis.

Linear motion refers to the movement of a robot in a straight line along a specific path.

Following are the key properties of an object showing angular motion

The object rotates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Angular velocity describes the rate at which an object or a component of a system rotates.

Following are the key properties of an object that exhibits linear motion:

Straight Path

Constant Velocity or Acceleration

v. Write some examples of activities that involve a robot arm to move in two dimensions.

Ans: Two dimensional motions are required for tasks such as drawing figures on a plane surface, navigating a maze, and executing pick and place operations on a surface. Two dimensional motion permits the arm's movement in a plane, which increases the range of reachable orientations as well as positions, making it suitable for tasks involving object interaction in a a two-dimensional environment.

vi. Which decade was the peak of AI development and why?

Ans: The duration from 2000 to 2010 was the peak of AI tool development. The concept of deep learning, which includes the specialized artificial neural networks, gained high popularity during this time. The availability of large amount of data, programming support, and data storage support through cloud helped researchers execute complex deep learning algorithms in easy and efficient manner.

vii. What do you understand by Accountability in terms of AI Ethics?

Ans: In terms of AI Ethics, Accountability tells who is accountable or responsible for AI Systems' activities and consequences or results, including their creators, operators, and organizations. Accountability also includes continuous monitoring and optimisation of AI systems.

viii. How does data visualization help in understanding data?

Ans: Data visualisation techniques allow the graphical representation of data in the form of charts, graphs or diagrams. Data visualisation can reveal patterns, trends or relationships within the data, making it simpler to recognize important features and understand the data. Bar graphs, scatter plots, histograms, heat maps, and line graphs are examples of typical visualisation tools.

ix. What do you understand by Data privacy and ethics in AI? Explain.

Ans: As the use of Artificial Intelligence grows, data privacy and ethical considerations become very important. Responsible AI development requires protecting sensitive data, obtaining informed consent, and adhering to ethical practices throughout the data collection and usage process.

x. Explain Narrow AI with the help of an example.

Ans: Narrow AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that are designed to perform specific tasks such as voice recognition or image analysis. It's the most common type of AI that we encounter in our daily lives. Examples include the voice assistants on our phones like Siri and Google Assistant, recommendation algorithms used by Netflix and Amazon, and the AI that powers autonomous vehicles.

Section B

Question 3

What are the various characteristics of a robot? Explain each of them by considering an example of a medical surgery robot.

Ans: Various characteristics of robots are as follows:

Autonomy: Robots can operate independently or with minimal human intervention. Surgical robots can independently make decisions regarding the whole surgical procedure, including preoperative workflows.
Adaptability: Surgical Robots will cater to increasing surgical procedures as they become more versatile and adaptable. Patients can benefit from reduced trauma, quicker recoveries, and smaller incisions.
Durability: Robotic surgery allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with traditional procedures. Robotic surgery is often performed through tiny incisions.
Accuracy: Surgical Robots are capable of performing tasks with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Robot-assisted surgery currently has an overall success rate of 94% to 100%.
Learning: Surgical Robots can learn from their experiences and improve their performance over time. Autonomous surgical robots have the potential to transform surgery and increase access to quality health care.
Safety: Surgical Robots can speed up healing and lessen pain while giving surgeons more or better control. They have been designed with safety features to prevent harm to humans or any other objects.

Question 4

How do links and joints help in linear motion? What are the benefits of more Degrees of Freedom in robots?

Ans: With the help of links and joints, linear motion is produced in following ways:

Prismatic Joints: A prismatic joint allows only translation along a fixed line. Usually, in a robot, complex joints are constructed by combining simple rotational and prismatic elements.
Link length and Orientation: The size and direction of linear motion depends on the links' length and orientation. The intended linear trajectory can be obtained by properly designing and positioning the linkages.
Coordinated Joint Movement: Coordinated joint control is required to produce linear motion at prismatic joints. The speed and direction of linear motion are determined by the joint movement's velocity and direction.
Actuation and Control: Actuators supply the required force or pressure to drive the prismatic joints and permit linear motion.

Benefits of more Degree of Freedom are as follows:

More Degree of Freedom allows a greater range of motion and reach. It permits the robot to traverse complex paths.
Increased adaptability: Robots with greater DoF can adapt to a wider variety of working conditions and objects. They can dynamically alter their configuration and movement in response to environmental changes.
Human-like movements: Robots with greater DoF may intimate human-like movements and postures, allowing for more natural interactions with humans. This is especially useful in applications like human-robot collaboration.

Question 5

Explain the applications of AI in banking and healthcare.

Ans:

Applications of AI in banking are as follows:

Fraud detection: By observing regular transaction pattern of a customer, a suspicious transaction can be identified to find out any fraudulent activity.
Customer service: AI enabled chatbots can be used to provide 24 X 7 service to customers. These chatbots can answer queries of customers like interest rate on loan or any particular scheme, procedure to open any bank account etc.
Robotic advisers: Robotic advisers are used to provide right investment advice to customers. Customers can take advice from these robots based on their investment capacity, financial goals, risk tolerance capacity etc.
Risk assessment: Risk assessment is an essential component in banking while approving a loan. AI algorithms help in analysing risk factor of a customer based on his and his family member's credit history.
Cyber security: AI can enhance cyber security measures by analysing network traffic, identifying potential threats, and detecting unusual transaction activities that could indicate a security breach. It helps banks in real time threat detection and prevention.

Applications of AI in healthcare are as follows:

Diagnosis of diseases: AI algorithms can help in diagnosing diseases through patient history, symptoms and medical records. For example, AI enabled tools can generate a warning message regarding a disease for a person based on his symptom and lifestyle.
Drug Discovery: New drug discovery requires a lot of historical data analysis. Many different combinations are also being generated. AI can help in analysing huge amount of biomedical data in identifying potential drug combinations. It also predicts the effectiveness and side effects of a drug.
Personalised medicine: AI can help in prescribing personalised medical treatments to individual patients. It can be done by analysing their genetic information, medical history and lifestyle data etc.
Virtual assistants: AI assisted virtual assistants can help in handling patient's queries. They also offer full time support to monitor the physical and mental health of patients.
Robotic surgery: AI enabled robots are used for performing complex surgery. Robotic surgery helps enhance surgical accuracy and improves the results of surgery.
Healthcare administration: AI can be used to streamline different administrative tasks, like management of medical records, appointment scheduling, billing etc. which will help in better hospital administration.

Question 6

What do you mean by deterministic computing? What are the various characteristics of deterministic computing? What are the various limitations of deterministic computing?

Ans: Deterministic computing refers to a computing paradigm in which the output and behaviour of a system are completely determined by its input and a set of predefined rules or algorithms. In deterministic computing, the execution of computations does not allow randomness or flexibility.

The main characteristics of deterministic computing are as follows:

Consistency: In Deterministic computing, executing of a program or system always produces the same output for a given input, regardless of how many times, it is executed. This consistency guarantees repeatability and predictability of outcomes.
Non adaptability: Deterministic computing is dependent on predefined algorithms or sets of rules that control the system's behaviour. These algorithms define the sequence of operations to be executed based on the input without variation.
Absence of randomness: Deterministic computing does not contain random elements. The computations are based on logical operations, arithmetic calculations and if-then statements.

The main limitations of deterministic computing are as follows:

Rigidness: Deterministic computing is rigid since it is based on pre-programmed instructions and predefined algorithms. It is incapable of adjusting to new or changing data and learning from it.
Lack of reasoning capability: Deterministic computing struggles with situations that needs reasoning, judgement and pattern identification.
Handling incomplete data: In order to deliver trustworthy results, Deterministic computing often requires the submission of complete and accurate data. It may struggle with incomplete, noisy or unclear data.
Lack of context understanding: Deterministic computing runs on established principles and lacks complete knowledge of the context or relevance of the data it analyses.
Creativity and innovation limitations: In Deterministic computing, it is difficult to produce novel solutions or identify new patterns.

Sample Paper 2

Section A