Sunday, 9 February 2025
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Saturday, 12 October 2024
Java: A Versatile Programming Language
Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It has evolved from humble beginnings to power a large share of today’s digital world, by providing the reliable platform upon which many services and applications are built. New and innovative products and digital services designed for the future continue to rely on Java, as well.
One of the key features of Java is its platform independence. This means that Java programs can be written once and run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java a highly portable language, allowing developers to create applications that can be easily deployed on different devices and operating systems.
Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means it is based on the concept of objects. Objects represent real-world entities and have properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods). This object-oriented approach makes Java code more modular, reusable, and easier to maintain.
Java is also known for its robustness and reliability.
Java is robust programming language because it can efficiently handle errors and unexpected situations, which ensures that applications run reliably and stably.
Java is considered a reliable programming language because it is designed to be stable and efficient.
Java has a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks that provide developers with a wide range of tools and functionalities. These libraries and frameworks can be used to create various types of applications, including web applications, mobile apps, desktop software, and enterprise systems.
Some of the popular Java frameworks and libraries include:
- Spring: A comprehensive framework for building enterprise Java applications.
- Hibernate: A framework for object-relational mapping, which simplifies database interactions.
- Android SDK: A set of tools and libraries for developing Android mobile apps.
- JavaFX: A toolkit for creating rich user interfaces for desktop applications.
Java developers still use Java to create some of the world's most famous mobile apps. And these applications will help answer your question what is Java used for? In terms of the kind of applications it can create. Examples of these applications include Android Applications, Spotify, Twitter, OperaMini, CashApp, ThinkFree, LinkedIn, and Signal.
Even most popular IDEs including Netbeans, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse are also written and developed in Java.
In conclusion, Java is a versatile and powerful programming language that has been widely adopted in the software development industry. Its platform independence, object-oriented
Nature, robustness, and rich ecosystem make it a popular choice for creating a variety of applications. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, learning Java can open up many opportunities in the world of software development.
Friday, 16 August 2024
Robotics & Artificial Intelligence Class 9 ICSE
Sample Paper 1
Section A
Question 1
Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given option.
i. Three laws of Robotics are created by
(a) Stephen Hawking
(b) Victor Scheinman
(c) Elon Asima
(d) Isaac Asimov
ii. The characteristics of a robot do not include(s):
(a) Robots cannot move
(b) It can be designed to perform disastrous tasks
(c) It can be programmed to perform a variety of ethical tasks.
(d) Robots are always controlled by humans
iii. Actuators can be considered as:
(a) Human Head
(b) Human muscles
(c) Human hands
(d) None of these
iv. Which of the following is/are robotic component(s)?
(a) Sensor
(b) Controller
(c) Actuator
(d) All of these
v. How many Degrees of Freedom (DoF) does a robot arm with a single revolute joint has?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
vi. Which of the following describes a robot's movements in two dimensions?
(a) Extending a robotic arm
(b) Rotation around a fixed axis
(c) Straight line movement
(d) Moving in a circle
vii. The structure of neural networks was inspired by:
(a) Human brain structure
(b) Computer programming
(c) Logical Reasoning
(d) Statistical analysis and data modelling
viii. Which of the following can be performed in AI in an email system?
(a) Filter incoming mails
(b) Prioritise emails
(c) Grammar Correction
(d) All of these
ix. Information can be defined as:
(a) Raw Facts
(b) Abrupt sentences
(c) Processed data
(d) Collection of dates only
x. Which platform(s) use(s) recommendation systems?
(a) YouTube
(b) Netflix
(c) Amazon
(d) All of these
xi. Which of the following is not a characteristic of deterministic computing?
(a) Non adaptable
(b) Randomness
(c) Accurate results
(d) Discrete Data
xii. To adapt the changes, AI model requires ...........................
(a) History Data
(b) New Updated Data
(c) Diverse Data
(d) Discrete Data
xiii. Which of these is the first stage of the AI project framework?
(a) Data Collection
(b) Problem definition and scope
(c) Evaluation
(d) Modelling
xiv. Which of the following is not an expert system?
(a) DENDRAL
(b) MYCIN
(c) XCON
(d) Image classification system
xv. Which of these is the primary purpose of data in AI?
(a) To train AI models
(b) To generate revenue
(c) To develop algorithms
(d) None of these
xvi. The suitable computing technique for a problem of classifying temperature as hot or cold is:
(a) Binary Logic
(b) AI Computing
(c) Deterministic computing
(d) Probabilistic computing
xvii. Which of the following is true for lists in Python?
(a) Lists are mutable
(b) Lists are immutable
(c) Tuple and Lists both are immutable
(d) None of these
xviii. What will be the output of the following statement?
print(a) if a>b else print (b)
(a) It will give an error
(b) It will print the larger number
(c) It will print the smaller number
(d) None of these
xix. The function of 'else' in 'if-else' statement is:
(a) To execute the block of statement when the condition is True
(b) To execute the block of statement when the condition is False
(c) To specify an alternative condition
(d) None of these
xx. In Python, which keyword is used to terminate a loop immediately?
(a) exit
(b) return
(c) break
(d) continue
Question 2
i. What do you understand by Collaborative robots? Explain with the help of an example.
Ans: Collaborative robots are also called cobots and they are designed to work alongside humans and assist them in tasks that require both human skills and machine precision. These are smaller and lighter than traditional industrial robots and they are equipped with sensors to detect and avoid obstacles.
For example, the first collaborative robot, the Universal Robot, was developed in 2008 by Universal Robots. It was a six-jointed articulated robot arm that revolutionized the market for industrial robots.
ii. What are the main components of a robot?
Ans: There are six important components of a robot which are as follows:
b) Actuators
c) Controllers
d) Power Systems
e) Communication Systems
f) Manipulators
iii. Explain end-effectors with the help of an example.
Ans: Robot end effector is a device attached to the wrist of a manipulator for the purpose of holding materials, parts, tools to perform a specific task.
Examples:
b) Tools
c) End of arm tooling
d) Welding Equipment
iv. Explain the difference between Angular motion and linear motion of a robotic arm.
Ans:
Angular Motion |
Linear Motion |
Angular motion refers to the rotating movement of an object or a
component of a system around a fixed point or axis. |
Linear motion refers to the movement of a robot in a straight line
along a specific path. |
Following are the key properties of an object showing angular motion
The object rotates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Angular velocity describes the rate at which an object or a component
of a system rotates. |
Following are the key properties of an object that exhibits linear
motion:
Straight Path Constant Velocity or Acceleration |
v. Write some examples of activities that involve a robot arm to move in two dimensions.
Ans: Two dimensional motions are required for tasks such as drawing figures on a plane surface, navigating a maze, and executing pick and place operations on a surface. Two dimensional motion permits the arm's movement in a plane, which increases the range of reachable orientations as well as positions, making it suitable for tasks involving object interaction in a a two-dimensional environment.
vi. Which decade was the peak of AI development and why?
Ans: The duration from 2000 to 2010 was the peak of AI tool development. The concept of deep learning, which includes the specialized artificial neural networks, gained high popularity during this time. The availability of large amount of data, programming support, and data storage support through cloud helped researchers execute complex deep learning algorithms in easy and efficient manner.
vii. What do you understand by Accountability in terms of AI Ethics?
Ans: In terms of AI Ethics, Accountability tells who is accountable or responsible for AI Systems' activities and consequences or results, including their creators, operators, and organizations. Accountability also includes continuous monitoring and optimisation of AI systems.
viii. How does data visualization help in understanding data?
Ans: Data visualisation techniques allow the graphical representation of data in the form of charts, graphs or diagrams. Data visualisation can reveal patterns, trends or relationships within the data, making it simpler to recognize important features and understand the data. Bar graphs, scatter plots, histograms, heat maps, and line graphs are examples of typical visualisation tools.
ix. What do you understand by Data privacy and ethics in AI? Explain.
Ans: As the use of Artificial Intelligence grows, data privacy and ethical considerations become very important. Responsible AI development requires protecting sensitive data, obtaining informed consent, and adhering to ethical practices throughout the data collection and usage process.
x. Explain Narrow AI with the help of an example.
Ans: Narrow AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that are designed to perform specific tasks such as voice recognition or image analysis. It's the most common type of AI that we encounter in our daily lives. Examples include the voice assistants on our phones like Siri and Google Assistant, recommendation algorithms used by Netflix and Amazon, and the AI that powers autonomous vehicles.
Section B
Question 3
What are the various characteristics of a robot? Explain each of them by considering an example of a medical surgery robot.
Ans: Various characteristics of robots are as follows:
- Autonomy: Robots can operate independently or with minimal human intervention. Surgical robots can independently make decisions regarding the whole surgical procedure, including preoperative workflows.
- Adaptability: Surgical Robots will cater to increasing surgical procedures as they become more versatile and adaptable. Patients can benefit from reduced trauma, quicker recoveries, and smaller incisions.
- Durability: Robotic surgery allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with traditional procedures. Robotic surgery is often performed through tiny incisions.
- Accuracy: Surgical Robots are capable of performing tasks with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Robot-assisted surgery currently has an overall success rate of 94% to 100%.
- Learning: Surgical Robots can learn from their experiences and improve their performance over time. Autonomous surgical robots have the potential to transform surgery and increase access to quality health care.
- Safety: Surgical Robots can speed up healing and lessen pain while giving surgeons more or better control. They have been designed with safety features to prevent harm to humans or any other objects.
Question 4
How do links and joints help in linear motion? What are the benefits of more Degrees of Freedom in robots?
Ans: With the help of links and joints, linear motion is produced in following ways:
- Prismatic Joints: A prismatic joint allows only translation along a fixed line. Usually, in a robot, complex joints are constructed by combining simple rotational and prismatic elements.
- Link length and Orientation: The size and direction of linear motion depends on the links' length and orientation. The intended linear trajectory can be obtained by properly designing and positioning the linkages.
- Coordinated Joint Movement: Coordinated joint control is required to produce linear motion at prismatic joints. The speed and direction of linear motion are determined by the joint movement's velocity and direction.
- Actuation and Control: Actuators supply the required force or pressure to drive the prismatic joints and permit linear motion.
- More Degree of Freedom allows a greater range of motion and reach. It permits the robot to traverse complex paths.
- Increased adaptability: Robots with greater DoF can adapt to a wider variety of working conditions and objects. They can dynamically alter their configuration and movement in response to environmental changes.
- Human-like movements: Robots with greater DoF may intimate human-like movements and postures, allowing for more natural interactions with humans. This is especially useful in applications like human-robot collaboration.
Question 5
Explain the applications of AI in banking and healthcare.
Ans:
Applications of AI in banking are as follows:
- Fraud detection: By observing regular transaction pattern of a customer, a suspicious transaction can be identified to find out any fraudulent activity.
- Customer service: AI enabled chatbots can be used to provide 24 X 7 service to customers. These chatbots can answer queries of customers like interest rate on loan or any particular scheme, procedure to open any bank account etc.
- Robotic advisers: Robotic advisers are used to provide right investment advice to customers. Customers can take advice from these robots based on their investment capacity, financial goals, risk tolerance capacity etc.
- Risk assessment: Risk assessment is an essential component in banking while approving a loan. AI algorithms help in analysing risk factor of a customer based on his and his family member's credit history.
- Cyber security: AI can enhance cyber security measures by analysing network traffic, identifying potential threats, and detecting unusual transaction activities that could indicate a security breach. It helps banks in real time threat detection and prevention.
- Diagnosis of diseases: AI algorithms can help in diagnosing diseases through patient history, symptoms and medical records. For example, AI enabled tools can generate a warning message regarding a disease for a person based on his symptom and lifestyle.
- Drug Discovery: New drug discovery requires a lot of historical data analysis. Many different combinations are also being generated. AI can help in analysing huge amount of biomedical data in identifying potential drug combinations. It also predicts the effectiveness and side effects of a drug.
- Personalised medicine: AI can help in prescribing personalised medical treatments to individual patients. It can be done by analysing their genetic information, medical history and lifestyle data etc.
- Virtual assistants: AI assisted virtual assistants can help in handling patient's queries. They also offer full time support to monitor the physical and mental health of patients.
- Robotic surgery: AI enabled robots are used for performing complex surgery. Robotic surgery helps enhance surgical accuracy and improves the results of surgery.
- Healthcare administration: AI can be used to streamline different administrative tasks, like management of medical records, appointment scheduling, billing etc. which will help in better hospital administration.
Question 6
What do you mean by deterministic computing? What are the various characteristics of deterministic computing? What are the various limitations of deterministic computing?
Ans: Deterministic computing refers to a computing paradigm in which the output and behaviour of a system are completely determined by its input and a set of predefined rules or algorithms. In deterministic computing, the execution of computations does not allow randomness or flexibility.
The main characteristics of deterministic computing are as follows:
- Consistency: In Deterministic computing, executing of a program or system always produces the same output for a given input, regardless of how many times, it is executed. This consistency guarantees repeatability and predictability of outcomes.
- Non adaptability: Deterministic computing is dependent on predefined algorithms or sets of rules that control the system's behaviour. These algorithms define the sequence of operations to be executed based on the input without variation.
- Absence of randomness: Deterministic computing does not contain random elements. The computations are based on logical operations, arithmetic calculations and if-then statements.
- Rigidness: Deterministic computing is rigid since it is based on pre-programmed instructions and predefined algorithms. It is incapable of adjusting to new or changing data and learning from it.
- Lack of reasoning capability: Deterministic computing struggles with situations that needs reasoning, judgement and pattern identification.
- Handling incomplete data: In order to deliver trustworthy results, Deterministic computing often requires the submission of complete and accurate data. It may struggle with incomplete, noisy or unclear data.
- Lack of context understanding: Deterministic computing runs on established principles and lacks complete knowledge of the context or relevance of the data it analyses.
- Creativity and innovation limitations: In Deterministic computing, it is difficult to produce novel solutions or identify new patterns.
Sample Paper 2
Section A
Very Important for ICSE 2025
Welcome to my blog dedicated to helping you navigate the fascinating world of Computer Science! Whether you're just starting to explore the subject or preparing for your exams, this space is designed to be your go-to resource for guidance, tips, and insights.
I understand that Computer Science can sometimes seem daunting with its intricate concepts and ever-evolving technologies. That's why we're here to simplify things for you.
Feel free to explore my articles, tutorials, and study resources. Don't hesitate to reach out with your questions or suggestions – I'm here to support you every step of the way.
Happy learning!
Keep visiting the page on a regular basis for new contents
Question 1: What does the below image represents?
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
Answer: A multidimensional array with 5 Rows and 5 Columns
Description: Multidimensional Array is considered as an Array of Arrays. Such arrays are considered useful when we want to store data as a tabular form like a table with Rows and Columns.
Similar Question
What does the following image represents?
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
O |
Answer: A multidimensional array with 3 Rows and 5 Columns
Draw a multidimensional array having 3 rows and 6 columns.
Answer:
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Question 2: Name the feature due to which Java Compiled codes can run on Linux although the code was developed in MAC.
Answer: Platform Independent
Description: Java is essentially Platform Independent. Change of platform does not affect the original Java program/application.
Similar Question
Name the feature due to which no huge coding is required in Java.
Answer: Light Weight Code.
Description: With Java, no huge coding is required.
Question 3: What is the size of '\n'?
Answer: The size of '\n' is 2 bytes.
Description: '\n' is one of the escape sequence and it is equivalent to one character. Size of character in Java is 2 Bytes and therefore, size of '\n' is 2 bytes.
Similar Question
What is the size of '\t'?
Answer: The size of '\t' is 2 bytes.
Description: '\t' is one of the escape sequence and it is equivalent to one character. Size of character in Java is 2 Bytes and therefore, size of '\t' is 2 bytes.
Question 4: Which arithmetic operator gets the highest precedence while evaluating the following statement?
a1+b1*c1%d1-e1
Answer: *
Description: While evaluating the above statement, the * operator will get the highest precedence because although * and % is given in this expression and they have the same precedence but in terms of their associativity, left to right is followed which means out of * and %, whoever comes first will get the higher precedence.
Similar Question
Which arithmetic operator gets the highest precedence while evaluating the following statement?
7%7*9/3+2
Answer: %
Description: While evaluating the above statement, the % operator will get the highest precedence because although %,* and / is given in this expression and they have the same precedence but in terms of their associativity, left to right is followed which means out of %,* and /, whoever comes first will get the higher precedence.
Question 5: Name some valid Java Keywords.
Answer: Some valid Java Keywords are as follows:
- for
- switch
- if
- boolean
- while
- return
- oldChar - Old Character
- newChar - New Character
Index Position |
a[0] |
a[1] |
a[2] |
a[3] |
a[4] |
a[5] |
a[6] |
a[7] |
a |
7 |
12 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
9 |
15 |
92 |
Index |
a[0] |
a[1] |
a[2] |
a[3] |
a[4] |
a |
20 |
21 |
30 |
8 |
50 |
Elements |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1st element |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Last element |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rohit |
|
import java.util.*;
class Hello
{
public
static void main(String[]args)
{
Scanner
sr = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a string:");
String S
= sr.nextLine();
String
Su = S.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(Su.charAt(0));
for(int
i = 0;i<Su.length();i++)
{
if(Su.charAt(i)== ' ')
{
System.out.println(Su.charAt(i+1));
}
}
}
Let us Dry run the program:
1st, Enter a string will be displayed.
sr.nextLine(); will accept the input from user and
will store the string in the variable namely S of String data type.
S.toUpperCase(); will convert the string into
uppercase letters and the converted uppercase letters will be stored in the
variable namely Su of String data type.
System.out.println(Su.charAt(0)); will print the first
character of the string.
A loop have been created to ensure that it can read
the characters from index number 0 till last index number. (index of an array
is always -1 than the length of the array). It is accomplished using the code
below:
for(int i = 0;i<Su.length();i++)
The statement i.e., if(Su.charAt(i)== ' ') within the for loop
block will search for a space.
If it finds space, then the following statement will
get executed or else the loop will keep on executing till it reaches the last index position:
System.out.println(Su.charAt(i+1));
The above statement will print the character whose index is next to the index in which space is present.
In this way, the program will print the first alphabet of each word on the screen.
{
public static void main(String[]args)
{
char character = 'a';
if(character == 'a')
{
System.out.println("Vowel");
}
if(character == 'A')
{
System.out.println("Vowel");
}
}
The simplest form of the same program is shown below:
Answer: The above loop will execute for 2 times.
Output shall be as follows:
20
22Answer: After executing the above program, the output
shall be:
true
3
String a |
String b |
|
Guava |
Green |
|
The charAt()
method returns the character at the specified index in a string. The index of
the first character is 0, the second character is 1, and so on. |
||
Character at
0 index is G |
Character at
0 index is G |
G==G, hence it will give
result as true |
The
compareTo() method compares two strings lexicographically. The
comparison is based on the Unicode value of each character in the strings. |
||
Character at
0 index is G ASCII code of
G is 71 |
Character at
0 index is G ASCII code of
G is 71 |
71-71=0 compareTo()
method will now go to index 1 and so on until it doesn’t finds any positive
integer value to be displayed. |
Character at 1
index is u ASCII code of
u is 117 |
Character at 1
index is r ASCII code of
u is 114 |
117-114=3 |
Answer: After executing the above program, the output
shall be:
X b
|
|
Columns |
|||
|
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Rows |
0 |
2 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
5 |
7 |
8 |
1 |
|
2 |
34 |
1 |
10 |
9 |
As per the above diagram, we can see the location of 34. 34
is located at an intersection of 2 and 0. In multidimensional array, index
position of row is written first and then, index position of column is written.
S |
U |
N |
D |
A |
Y |
M |
O |
N |
D |
A |
Y |
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
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