Java Programming Fundamentals for Class 9 (ICSE Syllabus)

Question 1:

Below is a Java program to input integers, float and Decimal values from the user.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main 
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("Enter an integer: ");
        int integerValue = input.nextInt();
        System.out.println("Enter a float: ");
        float floatValue = input.nextFloat();
        System.out.println("Enter a decimal: ");
        Double decimalValue = input.nextDouble();
        System.out.println("\nYou entered:");
        System.out.println("Integer: " + integerValue);
        System.out.println("Float: " + floatValue);
        System.out.println("Decimal: " + decimalValue);
    }
}

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Explanation:

Import necessary classes:

java.util.Scanner: For reading user input.

Create a Scanner object:

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 

This creates a Scanner object named input that reads from the standard input stream (System.in), which is the keyboard by default.

Prompt the user:

System.out.println(...) displays a message on the console, asking the user to enter a value.

Read the input:

int integerValue = input.nextInt(); reads an integer from the user's input and stores it in the integerValue variable.

float floatValue = input.nextFloat(); reads a float from the user's input and stores it in the floatValue variable.

Double decimalValue = input.nextDouble(); reads a decimal number from the user's input and stores it in the decimalValue variable.

Display the entered values:

System.out.println(...) prints the values that the user entered back to the console, so the user can confirm they were entered correctly.

End of Explanation...................

Below is a Variable description Table for the above Java Program

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION TABLE
Variable Name	Data Type	Description
integerValue	int	Stores the integer value entered by the user.
floatValue	float	Stores the floating-point value entered by the user.
decimalValue	Double	Stores the double-precision floating-point value (decimal) entered by the user.

Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario: You are developing a simple program to collect personal information from a user. This program needs to gather the user's age (integer), height (float), and monthly salary (which can have decimal places, so you should use Double for accuracy).

Task:

1. Write a Java program that prompts the user to enter their age, height in meters, and monthly salary.
2. The program should store these values in appropriate variables.
3. The program should then display the entered data back to the user in a clear and formatted way. Make sure to include appropriate units (e.g., "meters" for height, "Rs." for salary).
4. Ensure that you use the correct data types for each piece of information:
• int for age.
• float for height.
• Double for salary.

Example Output:

Welcome to the Data Input Program!

Enter your age (integer): 25

Enter your height in meters (float): 1.75

Enter your salary (decimal): 25000.50

 

--- Your Entered Data ---

Age: 25

Height: 1.75 meters

Salary: Rs 25000.50

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Note: Explanation for Homework is not mandatory. Variable Description Tables are mandatory.

Question 2:

Write a Java Program to accept a number from the user and determine if the entered number is a Positive Number, Negative Number or Zero.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
        int number = input.nextInt();
        // Check if the number is positive
        if (number > 0) 
        {
            System.out.println(number + " is a positive number.");
        }
        // Check if the number is negative
        else if (number < 0) 
        {
            System.out.println(number + " is a negative number.");
        }
        // If neither positive nor negative, it must be zero
        else 
        {
            System.out.println(number + " is zero.");
        }
    }
}

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Explanation:

Input: The program uses a Scanner to get integer input from the user.

First if-else block:

The first if condition checks if number is greater than 0. If it is, the corresponding message i.e. "number + " is a positive number." is printed.

The else if condition checks if number is less than 0. This is checked only if the first if condition is false.

The else block is executed only if both the if and else if conditions are false (meaning the number must be 0).

End of Explanation - - - - - - 

Below is the variable description table for the same

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION TABLE
Variable Name	Data Type	Description
number	int	Stores the integer value entered by the user.

Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario: A banking system tracks account balances. A positive number represents a credit, a negative number represents a debit, and zero means the account is at zero balance.

Detailed Scenario: Imagine a simplified banking system. Customers can perform transactions that affect their account balance. These transactions can be:

• Deposits (Credits): Money added to the account (positive number).
• Withdrawals (Debits): Money taken out of the account (negative number).
• Balance Check: Checking the current account balance (can be positive, negative, or zero).

Transaction Classification: When a transaction is entered, the system needs to determine its type:

• If the transaction amount is positive, it's a deposit (credit).
• If the transaction amount is negative, it's a withdrawal (debit).
• If the transaction amount is zero, it will represent (zero)

Example Output:

Welcome to the PR Webmatrix Banking System

Enter your transaction amount: 25000

 

--- PR Webmatrix Receipt ---

Transaction Amount: 25000

Transaction Classification: Deposit (Credit)

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Note: Explanation for Homework is not mandatory. Variable Description Tables are mandatory.

Question 3:

Write a simple Java program to check if the entered character is a letter or not.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
        char ch = input.next().charAt(0);
        if (Character.isLetter(ch))
        {
            System.out.println(ch + " is a letter.");
        } 
        else 
        {
            System.out.println(ch + " is not a letter.");
        }
    }
}

Explanation:

Import Scanner: The java.util.Scanner class is imported to allow the program to read input from the user.

Create Scanner Object: A Scanner object is created to read input from the standard input stream (System.in), which is the keyboard by default.

Prompt for Input: The program prompts the user to enter a character.

Read Input:  input.next().charAt(0) reads the first character of the user's input.  input.next() reads the entire input as a string. charAt(0) extracts the character at index 0 (the first character).

Check if it's a letter: The Character.isLetter(ch) method is used to determine if the entered character ch is a letter (either uppercase or lowercase). This method returns true if it's a letter, and false otherwise.

Print Output:  Based on the result of Character.isLetter(), the program prints an appropriate message indicating whether the character is a letter or not.

End of Explanation -------------

Below is the variable description table for the same

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION TABLE
Variable Name	Data Type	Description
ch	char	Stores the single character entered by the user.

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Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario: A small library uses a simple system to categorize books.  They assign a single character code to each book genre.  The system needs to be updated to validate these genre codes.  Only letters (A-Z or a-z) are valid genre codes.  Write a Java program that takes a character as input (representing a potential genre code) and checks if it is a valid genre code.  The program should print "Valid Genre Code" if the character is a letter, and "Invalid Genre Code" otherwise.

Example Output:

Welcome to the PR Webmatrix Library Management System

Enter a Library Genre Code: A 

--- PR Webmatrix Library Management Receipt ---

A is Valid Genre Code

Note: Explanation for Homework is not mandatory. Variable Description Tables are mandatory.

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Question 4:

Write a simple Java program to check if the entered character is a digit or not.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main

{

    public static void main(String[] args) 

    {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter a character: ");

        char ch = input.next().charAt(0);

        if (Character.isDigit(ch)) 

        {

            System.out.println(ch + " is a digit.");

        } 

        else 

        {

            System.out.println(ch + " is not a digit.");

        }

    }

}

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Explanation

Import Scanner: The java.util.Scanner class is imported to allow the program to take user input from the console.

Create Scanner Object: A Scanner object is created to read input from System.in (the standard input stream, usually the keyboard).

Prompt for Input: The program prompts the user to enter a character.

Read Character: input.next().charAt(0) reads the first character of the user's input.  input.next() reads the entire input as a String, and .charAt(0) extracts the character at index 0 (the first character).

Method 1: Character.isDigit():

The most straightforward and recommended way to check if a character is a digit is to use the Character.isDigit(ch) method. This method returns true if the character ch is a digit (0-9), and false otherwise.

End of Explanation---------

Below is the variable description table for the same

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION TABLE
Variable Name	Data Type	Description
ch	char	Stores the single character entered by the user.

Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario: Simple Order Processing System

A small online store needs a Java program to calculate the total cost of an order. Customers can order multiple items, each with a name, price, and quantity.

Problem:

You need to write a Java program that calculates the total cost of an order.

Task:

Design and implement a Java program that takes a list of order items as input and calculates the total cost of the order.  Each order item has a name, a price, and a quantity.  The program should output the total cost.

Input:

The program should receive a list of order items.  Each order item should have the following information:

Item Name: A text description of the item (e.g., "T-Shirt").

Price: The price of one unit of the item (e.g., 20.0).

Quantity: The number of units ordered (e.g., 2).

Output:

The program should print the total cost of the order.

Example:

If the input is:

Item 1: Name = "T-Shirt", Price = 20.0, Quantity = 2

Then , output will be

Total Cost is: Rs. 40.0

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Question 5:

Write a simple Java program to check if the entered character is a Special Character or not.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main 

{

    public static void main(String[] args) 

    {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter a character: ");

        char ch = input.next().charAt(0);

        if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') || (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || ch == ' ') 

        {

            System.out.println(ch + " is NOT a special character.");

        } 

        else 

        {

            System.out.println(ch + " IS a special character.");

        }

    }

}

Explanation

Get Input:  The program asks the user to type in a single character and stores it in the ch variable.

Check if it's a Letter, Number, or Space: The if condition checks if the character ch is:

A lowercase letter (between 'a' and 'z')

An uppercase letter (between 'A' and 'Z')

A number (between '0' and '9')

A space

If it IS a Letter, Number, or Space: If the character matches any of the above, the program prints that it's not a special character.

Otherwise (It's Special): If the character is not a letter, number, or space, the else part of the code runs, and the program prints that it is a special character.

End of Explanation--

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Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario:

Imagine you're designing a simple password checker for a website. One of the rules is that passwords must contain at least one "special character." For now, let's simplify and say a "special character" is anything that is not a letter (a-z or A-Z), a number (0-9), or a space.

Task:

Write a Java program that asks the user to enter a single character. The program should then determine if that character could be considered a "special character" for this password checker. If it is a special character (according to our simplified definition), the program should print "Valid for password." Otherwise, it should print "Not valid for password."

Example Interaction:

Enter a character: $
Valid for password

Enter a character: a
Not valid for password

Enter a character: 7
Not valid for password

Enter a character:  (space)
Not valid for password

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Question 6:

Write a Java program that implements a Circle class. The Circle class has fields: radius, area, and circumference. It has methods to obtain the value of the radius and calculate the area and circumference of the circle. Write a Java program to invoke the methods of the Circle class and display the results.

import java.util.Scanner;

class Circle

{

    Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

    double radius, area, circumference;

    void getValues()

    {

        System.out.println("Enter the radius of the Circle");

        radius = sc.nextDouble();

    }

    void Calculate()

    {

        area = 3.14*radius*radius;

        circumference = 2*3.14*radius;

    }

    void display()

    {

        System.out.println("Area of Circle = "+area);

        System.out.println("Circumference of Circle = "+circumference);

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) 

    {

        Circle mainobj = new Circle();

        mainobj.getValues();

        mainobj.Calculate();

        mainobj.display();

        

    }

}

Explanation

1. We define a class named Circle.

2. Inside the class, we create an object sc of type Scanner to read user input from the console.

3. We also declare three variables: radius, area, and circumference to store the radius of the circle and its calculated area and circumference.

4. The getValues() method prompts the user to enter the radius of the circle.

5. It then stores the entered value in the radius variable using sc.nextDouble(), which allows the user to input a decimal value.

6. The Calculate() method is responsible for calculating the area and circumference of the circle using the formulas

7. The display() method prints the calculated area and circumference of the circle to the console. The values are printed using System.out.println()

8. The main() method is where the program starts executing.

9. An object mainobj of the Main class is created.

10. The program calls the following methods on mainobj:

mainobj.getValues() - This method gets the radius from the user.

mainobj.Calculate() - This method calculates the area and circumference.

mainobj.display() - This method displays the results (area and circumference).

End of Explanation--

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION TABLE
Variable Name	Data Type	Description
radius	double	Stores the radius of the circle, which is provided by the user.
area	double	Stores the calculated area of the circle based on the given radius.
circumference	double	Stores the calculated circumference of the circle based on the given radius.

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Application-Based/Practical Question for Students Homework:

Scenario: Generate a scenario on your own for this question and practice properly.

Also, please stay tuned to this section as Python important topics will be shared soon.

Robotics & Artificial Intelligence Class 9 ICSE

Please scroll down. You will get a specimen question paper.

Sample Paper 1

Section A

Question 1

Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given option.

i. Three laws of Robotics are created by

    (a) Stephen Hawking

    (b) Victor Scheinman

    (c) Elon Asima

    (d) Isaac Asimov

ii. The characteristics of a robot do not include(s):

    (a) Robots cannot move

    (b) It can be designed to perform disastrous tasks

    (c) It can be programmed to perform a variety of ethical tasks.

    (d) Robots are always controlled by humans

iii. Actuators can be considered as:

    (a) Human Head

    (b) Human muscles

    (c) Human hands

    (d) None of these

iv. Which of the following is/are robotic component(s)?

    (a) Sensor

    (b) Controller

    (c) Actuator

    (d) All of these

v. How many Degrees of Freedom (DoF) does a robot arm with a single revolute joint has?

    (a) One

    (b) Two

    (c) Three

    (d) Four

vi. Which of the following describes a robot's movements in two dimensions?

    (a) Extending a robotic arm

    (b) Rotation around a fixed axis

    (c) Straight line movement

    (d) Moving in a circle

vii. The structure of neural networks was inspired by:

    (a) Human brain structure

    (b) Computer programming

    (c) Logical Reasoning

    (d) Statistical analysis and data modelling

viii. Which of the following can be performed in AI in an email system?

    (a) Filter incoming mails

    (b) Prioritise emails

    (c) Grammar Correction

    (d) All of these

ix. Information can be defined as:

    (a) Raw Facts

    (b) Abrupt sentences

    (c) Processed data

    (d) Collection of dates only

x. Which platform(s) use(s) recommendation systems?

    (a) YouTube

    (b) Netflix

    (c) Amazon

    (d) All of these

xi. Which of the following is not a characteristic of deterministic computing?

    (a) Non adaptable

    (b) Randomness

    (c) Accurate results

    (d) Discrete Data

xii. To adapt the changes, AI model requires ...........................

    (a) History Data

    (b) New Updated Data

    (c) Diverse Data

    (d) Discrete Data

xiii. Which of these is the first stage of the AI project framework?

    (a) Data Collection

    (b) Problem definition and scope

    (c) Evaluation

    (d) Modelling

xiv. Which of the following is not an expert system?

    (a) DENDRAL

    (b) MYCIN

    (c) XCON

    (d) Image classification system

xv. Which of these is the primary purpose of data in AI?

    (a) To train AI models

    (b) To generate revenue

    (c) To develop algorithms

    (d) None of these

xvi. The suitable computing technique for a problem of classifying temperature as hot or cold is:

    (a) Binary Logic

    (b) AI Computing

    (c) Deterministic computing

    (d) Probabilistic computing 

xvii. Which of the following is true for lists in Python?

    (a) Lists are mutable

    (b) Lists are immutable

    (c) Tuple and Lists both are immutable

    (d) None of these 

xviii. What will be the output of the following statement?

            print(a) if a>b else print (b)

    (a) It will give an error

    (b) It will print the larger number

    (c) It will print the smaller number

    (d) None of these

xix. The function of 'else' in 'if-else' statement is:

    (a) To execute the block of statement when the condition is True

    (b) To execute the block of statement when the condition is False

    (c) To specify an alternative condition

    (d) None of these

xx. In Python, which keyword is used to terminate a loop immediately?

    (a) exit

    (b) return

    (c) break

    (d) continue

Question 2

i. What do you understand by Collaborative robots? Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: Collaborative robots are also called cobots and they are designed to work alongside humans and assist them in tasks that require both human skills and machine precision. These are smaller and lighter than traditional industrial robots and they are equipped with sensors to detect and avoid obstacles.

For example, the first collaborative robot, the Universal Robot, was developed in 2008 by Universal Robots. It was a six-jointed articulated robot arm that revolutionized the market for industrial robots.

ii. What are the main components of a robot?

Ans: There are six important components of a robot which are as follows:

    a) Sensors
    b) Actuators
    c) Controllers
    d) Power Systems
    e) Communication Systems
    f) Manipulators

iii. Explain end-effectors with the help of an example.

Ans: Robot end effector is a device attached to the wrist of a manipulator for the purpose of holding materials, parts, tools to perform a specific task.

Examples:

    a) Grippers
    b) Tools
    c) End of arm tooling
    d) Welding Equipment

iv. Explain the difference between Angular motion and linear motion of a robotic arm.

Ans:  

Angular Motion	Linear Motion
Angular motion refers to the rotating movement of an object or a component of a system around a fixed point or axis.	Linear motion refers to the movement of a robot in a straight line along a specific path.
Following are the key properties of an object showing angular motion   The object rotates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Angular velocity describes the rate at which an object or a component of a system rotates.	Following are the key properties of an object that exhibits linear motion:   Straight Path Constant Velocity or Acceleration

v. Write some examples of activities that involve a robot arm to move in two dimensions.

Ans: Two dimensional motions are required for tasks such as drawing figures on a plane surface, navigating a maze, and executing pick and place operations on a surface. Two dimensional motion permits the arm's movement in a plane, which increases the range of reachable orientations as well as positions, making it suitable for tasks involving object interaction in a a two-dimensional environment.

vi. Which decade was the peak of AI development and why?

Ans: The duration from 2000 to 2010 was the peak of AI tool development. The concept of deep learning, which includes the specialized artificial neural networks, gained high popularity during this time. The availability of large amount of data, programming support, and data storage support through cloud helped researchers execute complex deep learning algorithms in easy and efficient manner.

vii. What do you understand by Accountability in terms of AI Ethics?

Ans: In terms of AI Ethics, Accountability tells who is accountable or responsible for AI Systems' activities and consequences or results, including their creators, operators, and organizations. Accountability also includes continuous monitoring and optimisation of AI systems.

viii. How does data visualization help in understanding data?

Ans: Data visualisation techniques allow the graphical representation of data in the form of charts, graphs or diagrams. Data visualisation can reveal patterns, trends or relationships within the data, making it simpler to recognize important features and understand the data. Bar graphs, scatter plots, histograms, heat maps, and line graphs are examples of typical visualisation tools.

ix. What do you understand by Data privacy and ethics in AI? Explain.

Ans: As the use of Artificial Intelligence grows, data privacy and ethical considerations become very important. Responsible AI development requires protecting sensitive data, obtaining informed consent, and adhering to ethical practices throughout the data collection and usage process.

x. Explain Narrow AI with the help of an example.

Ans: Narrow AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that are designed to perform specific tasks such as voice recognition or image analysis. It's the most common type of AI that we encounter in our daily lives. Examples include the voice assistants on our phones like Siri and Google Assistant, recommendation algorithms used by Netflix and Amazon, and the AI that powers autonomous vehicles.

Section B

Question 3

What are the various characteristics of a robot? Explain each of them by considering an example of a medical surgery robot.

Ans: Various characteristics of robots are as follows:

• Autonomy: Robots can operate independently or with minimal human intervention. Surgical robots can independently make decisions regarding the whole surgical procedure, including preoperative workflows.
• Adaptability: Surgical Robots will cater to increasing surgical procedures as they become more versatile and adaptable. Patients can benefit from reduced trauma, quicker recoveries, and smaller incisions.
• Durability: Robotic surgery allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with traditional procedures. Robotic surgery is often performed through tiny incisions.
• Accuracy: Surgical Robots are capable of performing tasks with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Robot-assisted surgery currently has an overall success rate of 94% to 100%.
• Learning: Surgical Robots can learn from their experiences and improve their performance over time. Autonomous surgical robots have the potential to transform surgery and increase access to quality health care.
• Safety: Surgical Robots can speed up healing and lessen pain while giving surgeons more or better control. They have been designed with safety features to prevent harm to humans or any other objects.

Question 4

How do links and joints help in linear motion? What are the benefits of more Degrees of Freedom in robots?

Ans: With the help of links and joints, linear motion is produced in following ways:

• Prismatic Joints: A prismatic joint allows only translation along a fixed line. Usually, in a robot, complex joints are constructed by combining simple rotational and prismatic elements.
• Link length and Orientation: The size and direction of linear motion depends on the links' length and orientation. The intended linear trajectory can be obtained by properly designing and positioning the linkages.
• Coordinated Joint Movement: Coordinated joint control is required to produce linear motion at prismatic joints. The speed and direction of linear motion are determined by the joint movement's velocity and direction.
• Actuation and Control: Actuators supply the required force or pressure to drive the prismatic joints and permit linear motion.

Benefits of more Degree of Freedom are as follows:

• More Degree of Freedom allows a greater range of motion and reach. It permits the robot to traverse complex paths.
• Increased adaptability: Robots with greater DoF can adapt to a wider variety of working conditions and objects. They can dynamically alter their configuration and movement in response to environmental changes.
• Human-like movements: Robots with greater DoF may intimate human-like movements and postures, allowing for more natural interactions with humans. This is especially useful in applications like human-robot collaboration.

Question 5

Explain the applications of AI in banking and healthcare.

Ans: 

Applications of AI in banking are as follows:

• Fraud detection: By observing regular transaction pattern of a customer, a suspicious  transaction can be identified to find out any fraudulent activity.
• Customer service: AI enabled chatbots can be used to provide 24 X 7 service to customers. These chatbots can answer queries of customers like interest rate on loan or any particular scheme, procedure to open any bank account etc.
• Robotic advisers: Robotic advisers are used to provide right investment advice to customers. Customers can take advice from these robots based on their investment capacity, financial goals, risk tolerance capacity etc.
• Risk assessment: Risk assessment is an essential component in banking while approving a loan. AI algorithms help in analysing risk factor of a customer based on his and his family member's credit history.
• Cyber security: AI can enhance cyber security measures by analysing network traffic, identifying potential threats, and detecting unusual transaction activities that could indicate a security breach. It helps banks in real time threat detection and prevention.

Applications of AI in healthcare are as follows: 

• Diagnosis of diseases: AI algorithms can help in diagnosing diseases through patient history, symptoms and medical records. For example, AI enabled tools can generate a warning message regarding a disease for a person based on his symptom and lifestyle.
• Drug Discovery: New drug discovery requires a lot of historical data analysis. Many different combinations are also being generated. AI can help in analysing huge amount of biomedical data in identifying potential drug combinations. It also predicts the effectiveness and side effects of a drug.
• Personalised medicine: AI can help in prescribing personalised medical treatments to individual patients. It can be done by analysing their genetic information, medical history and lifestyle data etc.
• Virtual assistants: AI assisted virtual assistants can help in handling patient's queries. They also offer full time support to monitor the physical and mental health of patients. 
• Robotic surgery: AI enabled robots are used for performing complex surgery. Robotic surgery helps enhance surgical accuracy and improves the results of surgery.
• Healthcare administration: AI can be used to streamline different administrative tasks, like management of medical records, appointment scheduling, billing etc. which will help in better hospital administration.

Question 6

What do you mean by deterministic computing? What are the various characteristics of deterministic computing? What are the various limitations of deterministic computing?

Ans: Deterministic computing refers to a computing paradigm in which the output and behaviour of a system are completely determined by its input and a set of predefined rules or algorithms. In deterministic computing, the execution of computations does not allow randomness or flexibility.

The main characteristics of deterministic computing are as follows:

• Consistency: In Deterministic computing, executing of a program or system always produces the same output for a given input, regardless of how many times, it is executed. This consistency guarantees repeatability and predictability of outcomes.
• Non adaptability: Deterministic computing is dependent on predefined algorithms or sets of rules that control the system's behaviour. These algorithms define the sequence of operations to be executed based on the input without variation.
• Absence of randomness: Deterministic computing does not contain random elements. The computations are based on logical operations, arithmetic calculations and if-then statements.

The main limitations of deterministic computing are as follows: 

• Rigidness: Deterministic computing is rigid since it is based on pre-programmed instructions and predefined algorithms. It is incapable of adjusting to new or changing data and learning from it.
• Lack of reasoning capability: Deterministic computing struggles with situations that needs reasoning, judgement and pattern identification.
• Handling incomplete data: In order to deliver trustworthy results, Deterministic computing often requires the submission of complete and accurate data. It may struggle with incomplete, noisy or unclear data.
• Lack of context understanding: Deterministic computing runs on established principles and lacks complete knowledge of the context or relevance of the data it analyses.
• Creativity and innovation limitations: In Deterministic computing, it is difficult to produce novel solutions or identify new patterns.

Sample Paper 2

Section A

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